Preparation of Ayurvedic Medicine|Taila| Pharmacognosy

Preparation of Ayurvedic Medicine

 Taila

Taila is a liquid or semisolid medication dosage form intended for both internal and external use.

Making Taila: 

1. Take medications and grind them into a fine powder.
2. Add cooking oil and Sneha Kalpa/Paka paste of medications, then combine with additional ingredients.
3. 1/4 of the oil should be boiled, and the liquid (drava) should be four times the oil.
4. Prepared, kept the bottom paste from burning by stirring it continuously.
5. Bring it to a boil over medium heat until the water is gone.
6. When oil is cooked properly, a lot of foam forms on the oil's surface.
7. Stored and Filtered

Standardization for Taila:

 • It has a 16-month potency retention period;

 • It can be applied topically and internally.

• They are consumed internally along with warm milk or water.

For Example: Bhringaraj tail, Maha Narayantaila, Lagnvisgarbha taila 

Preparation of Ayurvedic Medicine|Gutika|Pharmacognosy

 

Preparation of Ayurvedic Medicine

Gutika

These medications come in tablet (Vati) and pill (Gutika) form.They contain one or more herbal, mineral, or animal-based medications.

Making Gutika:

1. Take the medications and grind them into a fine powder.
2. Mineral medications are transformed into calcined goods (Bhasmas).
3. The drug is combined with other ingredients.
4. combined with the designated liquids to create a soft paste.
5. properly ground and formed into gutika (pills) or vati (tablets).

Gutika standardization: 

1. It ought to remain stable for two years following preparation. 

2. They are made entirely of mineral ingredients. They have an endless lifespan. 

3. When stored, they shouldn't lose their original color, taste, odor, or shape. 

4. They should be kept dry if they contain salt or sugar. 

For Example: Pranda Gutika, Khadiradi, Lasunadi gutika

स्वाभाविक हृदय स्वास्थ्य सुधार के सुझाव|दिल के स्वास्थ्य को स्वाभाविक रूप से बेहतर बनाने के लिए, नियमित शारीरिक गतिविधि, तनाव को नियंत्रित करने और पर्याप्त नींद लेने के साथ-साथ फलों, सब्जियों, साबुत अनाज और लीन प्रोटीन से भरपूर एक संतुलित आहार पर ध्यान दें।

 स्वाभाविक हृदय स्वास्थ्य सुधार के सुझाव

दिल के स्वास्थ्य को स्वाभाविक रूप से बेहतर बनाने के लिए, नियमित शारीरिक गतिविधि, तनाव को नियंत्रित करने और पर्याप्त नींद लेने के साथ-साथ फलों, सब्जियों, साबुत अनाज और लीन प्रोटीन से भरपूर एक संतुलित आहार पर ध्यान दें।

यहाँ अधिक विवरण मिलता है:

1. दिल: स्वास्थ्यप्रद भोजन अपनाएँ:
• सभी खाद्य पदार्थों को देखें: कम वसा वाले प्रोटीन स्रोतों, साबुत अनाज और फलों को प्राथमिकता दें।
• अस्वास्थ्यकर वसा की मात्रा कम करें: प्रसंस्कृत खाद्य पदार्थों और कुछ पशु उत्पादों में संतृप्त और ट्रांस वसा की मात्रा को कम करें।
• स्वास्थ्यप्रद वसा का चयन करें: एवोकाडो, बीज, नट्स और जैतून के तेल में असंतृप्त वसा शामिल करें।
• अधिक फाइबर का सेवन करें: फाइबर युक्त भोजन, जैसे ओट्स, बीन्स और साबुत अनाज, कोलेस्ट्रॉल को कम करने में मदद कर सकते हैं।
• सोडियम को सीमित करें: नमक का अधिक सेवन रक्तचाप को बढ़ा सकता है, इसलिए इसका सेवन कम करें।
• स्वस्थ रहें: पूरे दिन पर्याप्त मात्रा में पानी पिएँ।
• चीनी की अधिक मात्रा सीमित करें: अधिक चीनी खाने से मोटापा और अन्य स्वास्थ्य समस्याएं बढ़ सकती हैं।
• दिल-स्वस्थ भोजन का विचार करें: नट्स, जामुन, पत्तेदार साग, वसायुक्त मछली (ओमेगा-3) को शामिल करें।

 
2. नियमित रूप से सक्रिय रहें और व्यायाम करें:
• सप्ताह के अधिकांश दिनों में कम से कम ३० मिनट मध्यम तीव्रता वाले व्यायाम का लक्ष्य रखें।
• कई प्रकार की गतिविधियों को शामिल करें: चलना, जॉगिंग, साइकिल चलाना, तैरना, नृत्य करना या कुछ भी हृदय के लिए अच्छा हो सकता है।
• बल प्रशिक्षण भी फायदेमंद हो सकता है

3. तनाव को नियंत्रित करें:
• विश्राम करने के उपायों का अभ्यास करें: योग, ध्यान या गहरी साँस लेने के अभ्यास तनाव को कम कर सकते हैं।
• पर्याप्त मात्रा में सोना: प्रति रात कम से कम सात से आठ घंटे की अच्छी नींद लेने का लक्ष्य रखें।
• अपने प्रियजनों से समय बिताएँ: तनाव कम करने में सामाजिक संपर्क मदद कर सकता है।

4. अतिरिक्त महत्वपूर्ण घटक:
• तम्बाकू या धूम्रपान न करें: धूम्रपान करने से हृदय रोग का खतरा बहुत बढ़ जाता है।
• स्वस्थ वजन: हृदय पर अधिक वजन या मोटापे का दबाव पड़ सकता है।
• नियमित रूप से जाँच करें: नियमित रूप से अपने रक्तचाप, कोलेस्ट्रॉल और रक्त शर्करा की जांच करें।

  

  

Human Anatomy and Physiology |Notes Pharmacy| Information on Cardiovascular System|

Cardiovascular System  

The heart, blood vessels, and blood itself make up the cardiovascular system, also referred to as the circulatory system. It is the organ system in charge of moving blood, oxygen, nutrients, and hormones throughout the body as well as eliminating waste.

The circulatory system, another name for the cardiovascular system, is a sophisticated system of vessels and organs that carries blood throughout the body. This is a summary of the cardiovascular system.

Structure of Heart

Cardiovascular System Organs
1. Heart: A muscular organ that circulates blood throughout the body.
2. Arteries: Blood vessels that transport oxygenated blood throughout the body from the heart.
3. Veins: Blood vessels that return blood that has lost oxygen to the heart.
4. Capillaries: Tiny blood vessels that exchange waste materials and carbon dioxide for nutrients and oxygen.
5. Blood: The fluid that transports waste materials, hormones, nutrients, and oxygen throughout the body.

The cardiovascular system's functions

1. Transporting Oxygen and Nutrients: The body's cells receive oxygen and nutrients from the cardiovascular system.
2. Eliminating Waste Products: The cardiovascular system rids the body's cells of waste products like lactic acid and carbon dioxide.
3. Blood Pressure Regulation: By contracting and relaxing blood vessels, the cardiovascular system contributes to blood pressure regulation.
4. Maintaining Body Temperature: By transferring heat from the core to the skin, the cardiovascular system aids in controlling body temperature.
5. Hormone Transport: The movement of hormones throughout the body is another function of the cardiovascular system.

Cardiovascular System Components
1. Blood: A fluid substance that transports waste materials, nutrients, and oxygen throughout the body.
2. Blood Vessels: The capillaries, veins, and arteries that carry blood throughout the body.
3. Heart Valves: Components that guarantee the heart's blood flows only in one direction.

Circulation Types
1. Systemic Circulation: The flow of blood from the heart to the body's other organs and back again.
2. Pulmonary Circulation: The flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back again.

The cardiovascular system's importance
1. Providing Oxygen and Nutrients: The cardiovascular system plays a crucial role in providing the body's cells with oxygen and nutrients.
2. Eliminating Waste Products: The elimination of waste products from the body's cells depends on the cardiovascular system.
3. Preserving General Health: The cardiovascular system is essential for preserving general health and averting illness.

Heart Conditions
1. Coronary Artery Disease: This condition causes the coronary arteries to narrow or block, which lowers the heart's blood flow.
2. Heart Failure: A disorder where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's demands.
3. Arrhythmias: Unusual heartbeats that may be irregular, too fast, or too slow.
4. Cardiomyopathy: A disorder where the heart muscle weakens or is injured.

Disorders of the Blood Vessels
1. Atherosclerosis: A disorder where plaque accumulates in the arteries, narrowing or hardening them.
2. Hypertension: Elevated blood pressure that can harm organs and blood vessels.
3. Peripheral Artery Disease: A disorder where the blood vessels in the arms or legs constrict or obstruct.
4. Aortic Aneurysm: A disorder that weakens or enlarges the aorta, potentially resulting in rupture.

Additional Heart Conditions
1. Stroke: A condition where the brain's blood supply is cut off, either because blood vessels burst or are blocked.
2. Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA): A brief disruption in blood supply to the brain that may result in symptoms resembling a stroke.
3. A blood clot that forms in a deep vein, usually in the legs, is known as deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
4. Pulmonary Embolism: A potentially fatal condition where a blood clot breaks loose and moves to the lungs.

Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disorders

1. High Blood Pressure: Uncontrolled high blood pressure can increase the risk of cardiovascular disorders.

2. High Cholesterol: High levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol can increase the risk of cardiovascular disorders.

3. Smoking: Smoking can damage blood vessels and increase the risk of cardiovascular disorders.

4. Diabetes: Uncontrolled diabetes can increase the risk of cardiovascular disorders.

5. Obesity: Excess weight can increase the risk of cardiovascular disorders.

Prevention and Treatment

1. Lifestyle Changes: Making healthy lifestyle changes, such as eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and quitting smoking, can help prevent cardiovascular disorders.

2. Medications: Medications, such as statins and beta blockers, can help manage cardiovascular disorders.

3. Surgery: Surgery may be necessary to treat certain cardiovascular disorders, such as coronary artery disease or aortic aneurysm.

  

   

Creating a Healthier Future for All on World Health Day 2025.World Health Day is observed annually on April 7th to commemorate the establishment of the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1948.

 Creating a Healthier Future for All on World Health Day 2025

"My Health, My Right"

World Health Day is observed annually on April 7th to commemorate the establishment of the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1948. It's a call to action for governments, communities, and individuals to put health and well-being first, not just a day of awareness. "My Health, My Right" is the theme for World Health Day 2025, highlighting everyone's right to safe food, clean air, high-quality healthcare, and a healthy environment.

The Significance of World Health Day

The foundation of human development is health. People can work, learn, and support their communities and families when they are healthy. However, millions of people worldwide still do not have access to basic medical care. In order to guarantee that everyone, everywhere, has the chance to lead a healthy life, World Health Day seeks to draw attention to these inequalities and promote health equity.

 

The theme for 2025 is "My Health, My Right."

The goal is to enable people to assert their right to health in 2025. This covers: • Availability of necessary medical care without facing financial difficulties

• Gender and health equity; 

• Clean environments to prevent disease; 

• Mental health support and de-stigmatization; 

• Health education to facilitate informed decision-making

The message is unmistakable: everyone has the right to good health.

🌱 Health in a Changing Environment

Our current health issues are intricate and interrelated, ranging from pandemics to climate change. Air pollution is currently one of the main causes of premature death worldwide, and rising temperatures aid in the spread of illnesses like dengue and malaria. In order to safeguard health in a world that is becoming more unpredictable, World Health Day 2025 urges immediate cooperation across all sectors, from agriculture to urban planning.

💪 Acting: What Are Your Options?

Everyone has an interest in health, and change begins at all levels.

As Persons:

• Prioritize mental health and get regular checkups; • Eat a healthy diet and maintain an active lifestyle; • Raise awareness of regional health issues

• Spread awareness of your own and others' health rights.

 

As Groups:

Plan health camps or awareness-raising activities. Encourage hygienic and environmentally friendly local communities.

Encourage vulnerable populations to have access to medical care.

As leaders and legislators, we must: • Fund universal health care; • Create resilient and inclusive health systems

Consider climate change to be a medical emergency.

 

🔊 A Common Goal

2025's World Health Day serves as a reminder that everyone is connected by their health. Everyone deserves an equal opportunity at good health, whether they are a farmer exposed to climate extremes, a doctor in a busy city hospital, or a child in a remote village. We can create a future where no one is left behind if we band together and adhere to the "My Health, My Right" principle.

Let's make today about more than just raising awareness; let's take action to safeguard, advance, and put everyone's health first.

Since health is a right and not a privilege, happy World Health Day 2025.

Dr. Swadesh Kr. Vishwakarma

  

  

Trends in modern medical news Along with talks about medical tourism and HIV prevention, recent trending health news in Ghana includes a polio vaccination campaign, a meningitis outbreak in the Upper West Region, and the launch of the Ghana Medical Trust Fund (MahamaCares) Taskforce.

 Trends in modern medical news

Along with talks about medical tourism and HIV prevention, recent trending health news in Ghana includes a polio vaccination campaign, a meningitis outbreak in the Upper West Region, and the launch of the Ghana Medical Trust Fund (MahamaCares) Taskforce.

Here is a closer view of these advancements:

1. Campaign on Polio Vaccination:

• Following the confirmation of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2) in two cases, the government, with support of the WHO and other partners, has started a polio vaccination campaign targeting children under five across all 16 regions.
• The campaign seeks to solve the current outbreak and wipe polio from Ghana.

2. Meningitis Outbreak: 

• The Upper West Region of Ghana is dealing with a bacterial meningitis outbreak that is getting worse and putting a burden on the country's healthcare system.
• To fight the outbreak, the World Health Organization (WHO) has offered logistical and technical assistance.
• The situation is being addressed by the Ministry of Health as well.

3. The Ghana Medical Care Trust Fund (MahamaCares) Taskforce

• The Ghana Medical Care Trust Fund (MahamaCares) Taskforcewas established by Health Minister Kwabena Mintah Akandoh. Its primary objective is to implement the Ghana Medical Trust Fund, which seeks to enhance healthcare quality and accessibility.

4. Medical Tourism: 

• The government is trying to enhance healthcare infrastructure and international accreditation to draw in medical tourists, and Ghana is investigating medical tourism as a means of growing its healthcare industry and drawing in patients from abroad.

5. HIV Prevention and Treatment:

• To help three institutions better reach vulnerable groups and provide community-level HIV prevention and treatment services, the Ghana Health Service (GHS) has donated vehicles to them.
• The GHS reaffirmed its pledge to give all HIV-positive individuals free antiretroviral medication.

6. Other Notable Events: 

• The Ashanti Region's Agenda 111 sites were visited by the Health Minister.
• Ahanta West Municipal Hospital also received a working visit from the Health Minister.
• The Ministry of Health observed World TB Day in 2025.
•  The KOFIH Health Center was put into operation by the Health Minister.
•  The Health Minister received a courtesy call from the DG of the Ghana AIDS Commission.
•  To address cholera cases, the Health Minister traveled to the Central Region.
• To address the meningitis outbreak, the Health Minister traveled to the Upper West Region.
•  The Bokoro Agenda 111 Hospital in the Ahanta West Municipality is being fully operationalized by the government.
• The NSOAP 2025–2029 steering committee was established by the Health Minister.
•  The new Health Minister was greeted by the Ministry of Health.
• The growing prevalence of infectious diseases is being addressed by the Ministry of Health.
• The Health Minister established a committee to carry out the National Surgical Plan; the Ministry of Health is striving to enhance medical services at Achimota Hospital.
• The lack of infrastructure preventing more medical students from enrolling at KNUST is being addressed by the Ministry of Health.
  
  

  

  

Current medical news trends NEWS on Medical suggesting a shingles vaccine could reduce dementia risk by 20%

 

Current medical news trends

Research on the effects of lifestyle on women's heart health, a new blood test for Alzheimer's, and a study that suggests a shingles vaccine could reduce dementia risk by 20% are some of the recent medical news stories that are trending.

A closer look at some of the most recent medical news stories is provided here:

 Alzheimer's and dementia:
• The shingles vaccine and dementia: According to a study, the vaccine may prevent 20% of dementia diagnoses over a seven-year period by suppressing viruses and strengthening the immune system.
• New Blood Test for Alzheimer's Disease:
A new blood test could reveal the severity of Alzheimer's and aid in its diagnosis.
• Deep Sleep and Alzheimer's: Studies suggest that Alzheimer's may be exacerbated by a reduction in the amount of time spent in the two deep sleep stages.
• Atrial Fibrillation and Dementia: According to recent studies, atrial fibrillation raises the risk of dementia.
Heart Health:  Lifestyle Risks and Women's Hearts: According to a study, women's hearts are more affected by lifestyle risks.

• Weekend Warriors and Heart Health: Studies show that people who exercise occasionally, or "weekend warriors," are less likely to die from heart disease than sedentary people.
• Adding 2,500 Steps Per Day May Help Female Cancer Survivors' Heart Health: According to a recent study, moderate daily exercise dramatically decreased the risk of cardiovascular disease-related death in female cancer survivors.
Additional Notable News:

• New Antibiotic for UTIs: A new antibiotic for UTIs has received FDA approval.
• AI-Driven Healthcare Solutions: To enhance medical services, Arunachal Pradesh is introducing AI-driven healthcare solutions.
• Measles Outbreaks: Five states are currently experiencing active outbreaks of measles, which is spreading to central Texas.
• Antiviral Chewing Gum: To lessen the spread of the herpes simplex virus and influenza, researchers are investigating antiviral chewing gum.
• Novel Strategy to Fight Herpes and Influenza: Research is being conducted on a novel strategy that uses bean-based gum to fight herpes and influenza.
• Medical Cannabis and Recovery: Medical cannabis may enhance recovery results and lessen cravings.
• Stroke Rehabilitation Drug: This medication repairs damage to the brain.
• Non-Genetic Theories of Cancer: These theories attempt to resolve contradictions in the existing paradigm.
• Blood Pressure Patterns During Pregnancy: According to a study, blood pressure patterns during pregnancy indicate a later risk of hypertension.

   

Ayurvedic formulation Preparation of Aristas & Preparation of Asava Pharmacognosy

Ayurvedic formulation Preparation of Aristas & Preparation of Asava Pharmacognosy 

Preparation of Aristas & Preparation of Asava

Aristas & Asavas:  

They are also known as preparations contain self-generated alcohol (alcoholic preparations).  They are prepared by adding powdered drug or its decoction into solution of sugar/ Jaggery which facilitates the extraction of active principles present in the drugs.

these are the steps involved in preparation of Aristas & Asava

1. Crude drugs are coarsely powdered 
2. Decoction is prepared 
3. Filtered 
4. Mix other ingredient Contents are added to solution of sugar honey or jaggery 
5. Boiled cooled and transferred to wooden vessels 
6. Covered with an earthen lid 
7. Fermentation 
8. Filtered 
9. Stored

Standardization for Aristas & Asavas:

 1. It should be clear without any froth or foam at the top.

 2. It should not become sour upon standing.

 3. It should have a characteristic aromatic and alcoholic odour.

 4. These should be no effervescence produced. 

Example:

Aristas: Ashokarishta, Dasmularishta, Ashwgandharista, arjunarista,

Asavas: Arvindaswa, kumaryaswa, Vasakasava, Punarnavasa etc.

DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM ( Herbal Drugs)

 DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM ( Herbal Drugs)

COFFEE SEED

Synonyms: - Coffee bean, coffee seed, Arabica coffee, Arabian coffee, Abyssinian coffee, Brazilian coffee.

Biological Source:-

It is the dried ripe seeds of Coffea arabica Linn, belonging to family Rubiaceae.

Chemical Constituents: - Coffee seed contains

·         caffeine,

·          tannin

Uses:-

·         used as a flavoring agent

·         used as a stimulant

·         nervine and diuretic

·         acting on CNS, kidneys, heart and muscles

DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM Pharmacognosy (herbal drugs)

 DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM

EPHEDRA

Synonyms:- Ma Huang.

Biological Source:-

Ephedra consists of the dried aerial parts of Ephedra gerardiana , Ephedra nebrodensis and other Ephedra species, belonging to family Ephadreaceae.

Chemical Constituents:-  Ephedra contains

·         Ephedrine

·         Pseudoephedrine 

 Uses:-

·         Ephedrine is antiallergenic,

·          antiasthmatic, 

·         antispasmodic,

·         decongestant, cough suppressant, stimulant and vasoconstrictor

OPIUM 

Synonyms:- Crude Opium; Raw Opium; Gum Opium

Biological Source:-

Opium is the air dried milky latex obtained by incision from the unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum , belonging to family Papaveraceae.

Chemical Constituents:-  Opium contains

·         morphine

·         papaverine 

·         noscapine

·         Codeine

 Uses:-

·         narcotic,

·         analgesic and sedative action

·         and used to relieve pain,

·         diarrhoea dysentery and cough

·         used as antispasmodic

DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM ( Herbal Drugs)

 TEA LEAVES

Biological Source:-

It contains the prepared leaves and leaf buds of Thea sinensis , belonging to family Theaceae.

Chemical Constituents:-  TEA contains

·         caffeine 

·         theobromine and

·         theophylline

Uses:-

·         It is used as stimulant,

·          astringent and

               also as diuretic.

COCA

Synonyms: - Coca, Cuca, Cocaine, Folium cocae, Peruvian coca. 

Biological Source:-                                                                                             

Coca consists of the dried leaves of various species of Eryth-mxylon, that is, Erythroxylon coca, belonging to family Erythroxylaceae.

Chemical Constituents: - Coca contains

·         Cocaine

·         Cocamine

·         Tropacocaine

Uses:-

·         Cocaine has stimulant action on CNS.

·          local anesthetic

·         minor local surgery of ophthalmic, ear, nose and throat

·         during convalescence, to relieve nausea, vomiting and pains of the stomach without upsetting the digestion

DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM ( Herbal Drugs)

 

DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM

HYOSCYAMUS

Synonyms:- Common Henbane, Hyoscyamus, Hog’s-bean, Jupiter’s-bean, Symphonica.

Biological Source:- 

Hyoscyamus consists of the dried leaves and flowering tops of Hyoscyamus niger., belonging to family Solanaceae. 

Chemical Constituents:- hyoscyamus contains

·         Hyoscyamine

·         Hyoscine

·         Scopolamine

Uses:-

·         used as antispasmodic

·         hypnotic and mild diuretic

·         relieve pain in cystitis

·         used to relieve the griping

 

Pharmacognosy of GUGGUL

 

GUGGUL

Synonyms:- Gumgugul, Salai-gogil. 

Biological Source:-

Guggal is a gum resin obtained by incision of the bark of Commiphora weightii , belonging to family Burseraceae.

Chemical Constituents: Guggul contains

·         Myrcene

·         Dimyrcene, polymyrcene

·         Guggulosterone

·         Guggulosterol

Uses

·         Used as an anti inflammatory.

·         used as an anti rhumetic

·         expectorant

·         carminative