Human Anatomy and Physiology |Notes Pharmacy| Information on Cardiovascular System|

Cardiovascular System  

The heart, blood vessels, and blood itself make up the cardiovascular system, also referred to as the circulatory system. It is the organ system in charge of moving blood, oxygen, nutrients, and hormones throughout the body as well as eliminating waste.

The circulatory system, another name for the cardiovascular system, is a sophisticated system of vessels and organs that carries blood throughout the body. This is a summary of the cardiovascular system.

Structure of Heart

Cardiovascular System Organs
1. Heart: A muscular organ that circulates blood throughout the body.
2. Arteries: Blood vessels that transport oxygenated blood throughout the body from the heart.
3. Veins: Blood vessels that return blood that has lost oxygen to the heart.
4. Capillaries: Tiny blood vessels that exchange waste materials and carbon dioxide for nutrients and oxygen.
5. Blood: The fluid that transports waste materials, hormones, nutrients, and oxygen throughout the body.

The cardiovascular system's functions

1. Transporting Oxygen and Nutrients: The body's cells receive oxygen and nutrients from the cardiovascular system.
2. Eliminating Waste Products: The cardiovascular system rids the body's cells of waste products like lactic acid and carbon dioxide.
3. Blood Pressure Regulation: By contracting and relaxing blood vessels, the cardiovascular system contributes to blood pressure regulation.
4. Maintaining Body Temperature: By transferring heat from the core to the skin, the cardiovascular system aids in controlling body temperature.
5. Hormone Transport: The movement of hormones throughout the body is another function of the cardiovascular system.

Cardiovascular System Components
1. Blood: A fluid substance that transports waste materials, nutrients, and oxygen throughout the body.
2. Blood Vessels: The capillaries, veins, and arteries that carry blood throughout the body.
3. Heart Valves: Components that guarantee the heart's blood flows only in one direction.

Circulation Types
1. Systemic Circulation: The flow of blood from the heart to the body's other organs and back again.
2. Pulmonary Circulation: The flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back again.

The cardiovascular system's importance
1. Providing Oxygen and Nutrients: The cardiovascular system plays a crucial role in providing the body's cells with oxygen and nutrients.
2. Eliminating Waste Products: The elimination of waste products from the body's cells depends on the cardiovascular system.
3. Preserving General Health: The cardiovascular system is essential for preserving general health and averting illness.

Heart Conditions
1. Coronary Artery Disease: This condition causes the coronary arteries to narrow or block, which lowers the heart's blood flow.
2. Heart Failure: A disorder where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's demands.
3. Arrhythmias: Unusual heartbeats that may be irregular, too fast, or too slow.
4. Cardiomyopathy: A disorder where the heart muscle weakens or is injured.

Disorders of the Blood Vessels
1. Atherosclerosis: A disorder where plaque accumulates in the arteries, narrowing or hardening them.
2. Hypertension: Elevated blood pressure that can harm organs and blood vessels.
3. Peripheral Artery Disease: A disorder where the blood vessels in the arms or legs constrict or obstruct.
4. Aortic Aneurysm: A disorder that weakens or enlarges the aorta, potentially resulting in rupture.

Additional Heart Conditions
1. Stroke: A condition where the brain's blood supply is cut off, either because blood vessels burst or are blocked.
2. Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA): A brief disruption in blood supply to the brain that may result in symptoms resembling a stroke.
3. A blood clot that forms in a deep vein, usually in the legs, is known as deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
4. Pulmonary Embolism: A potentially fatal condition where a blood clot breaks loose and moves to the lungs.

Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disorders

1. High Blood Pressure: Uncontrolled high blood pressure can increase the risk of cardiovascular disorders.

2. High Cholesterol: High levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol can increase the risk of cardiovascular disorders.

3. Smoking: Smoking can damage blood vessels and increase the risk of cardiovascular disorders.

4. Diabetes: Uncontrolled diabetes can increase the risk of cardiovascular disorders.

5. Obesity: Excess weight can increase the risk of cardiovascular disorders.

Prevention and Treatment

1. Lifestyle Changes: Making healthy lifestyle changes, such as eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and quitting smoking, can help prevent cardiovascular disorders.

2. Medications: Medications, such as statins and beta blockers, can help manage cardiovascular disorders.

3. Surgery: Surgery may be necessary to treat certain cardiovascular disorders, such as coronary artery disease or aortic aneurysm.

  

   

A REVIEW ON GRDDS RECENT ADVANCES IN DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS AND ITS APPLICATION

https://wjpr.net/abstract_show/17543 

A REVIEW ON GRDDS RECENT ADVANCES IN DRUG DELIVERY  SYSTEMS AND ITS APPLICATION

Swadesh Kumar Vishwakarma*

ABSTRACT

One such shown technique is the drug delivery system with gastroretentive characteristics, aiming at locally or systemically releasing particular drugs. In the pharmaceutical business, much emphasis has been given to the development of controlled oral release and site-specific medicines to achieve better therapeutic benefits. Drug absorption is a very variable process in the gastrointestinal system and extending gastric dose form retention extends the drug absorption duration. In the upper section of a gastrointestinal system, this technique is especially beneficial for medication usage with a restricted absorption window. This review also provides an outline of the merits, demerits and assessment factors. There are many advantages to thedevelopment of the Gastro retention system, such as enhancing drug bio availability, increasing the solubility of less soluble drugs at high pH, controlling the therapeutic rate thereby reducing the fluctuations incidence and thus reducing the consumption for half-life.This review article focuses on various essential methods for delivering gastroretentive medicines (floating, bioadhesive, high-density, swelling, raft forming, and magnetic systems) in different dosing forms.

KEYWORDS: GRDDS, evaluation parameters, non-floating system, floating system,applications.

INTRODUCTION

The most convenient and recognised approach for the administration of drugs was the oral route. During oral controlled release, huge curative advantages prefer to the advantage of therapeutic advantages, as an attractive issue in the pharmaceutical sector. Gastro-resistant medicines are new systems in delivery that are of upper hand because of their capacity to maintain their stomach for longer periods. The non-site special release of medication is also a drawback to conventional rapid release tablets.[1,2] On the other hand, certain medicinal products are absorbed from specific places and must be released at this spot solely for maximum absorption. It depends on variables such as the emptying process, dosage form transit length through the digestive system, the release of medication from the dosage form and the site of the absorption. The oral routes remain the most popular way of drug delivery to systemic circulation, due to their simplicity of administration, low drug costs, patient compliance and flexibility in formulation. Estimated 90% of all systemic drugs are administered orally in drugs administered orally; solid oral dosage forms are preferable over liquid oral dosage forms.[3] Tablets are now the most prevalent type of solid dose. Depending on drug release patterns, they might be categorised in two groups, namely immediate release and delayed release. Drug having short halves that are quickly absorbed and eliminated from the gastrointestinal tract quickly eliminates systemic circulation. In order to be successful, these medications must be taken regularly. In addition, medications with a low absorption fencing in the upper portion of the GIT are not suitable for oral, sustained release systems due to the short gastric emptying time of 2.7±1.5 hours (h) and 3.1±0.4 hour of intestinal transit.[6]One method to extend gastric residency is to employ gastroretentive medicines for local or systemic effects. These types of dosage may remain long in the stomach and increase the period of stomach retention. The medicine is therefore given continually to the absorption point in the gut, i.e. the gastric stomach.[7] In 1968, after observing several patients chocked after eating pills, David explained the floating drug distribution process for the first time. Its solution consisted of using tablets of less than 1 g / ml to float on the surface of the water. Since then several approaches for optimum floating supply systems have been developed.[8]

Increased interest in novel dosage formulations which remain in the stomach for a lengthy and predictable period of time is manifested in the industry and academic.

The Perks of A Gastroretentive Drugs Delivery System

1.Improved bioavailability: The bioavailability of riboflavin and levodopa is considerably greater than the normal forms of dosage as it is absorbed in the upper section of the digestive tract.[10, 11]Reduced dose frequency and long-term drug use. This improves compliance with the treatment strategy for the patient. The upper part of gastrointestinal tract can all get local antacids, anti-ulcer medications and antibiotics for H. pylori infection.[5, 12]

2. There is no evidence of drug level fluctuation, and the appropriate therapeutic plasma and tissue concentrations are maintained for a long duration. There is a reduction in the chance of failure of the medical therapy as well as unwanted side effects.These medicines include Furosemide[13], Captopril[14], and Diazepam, Verapamil, and Cefpodoxime proxetil[15], to name a few. Suitable for the drugs which degrade in the intestine or column.

Risk Factors In the Delivery of Gastroretentive Medication

• Inadequate for medications that are acid-sensitive. Inadequate for better absorbed medications in the lower part of the gastrointestinal tract.
• Problems with the result and dumping wanted.Many factors, including motility of the stomach, pH and food presence, affect gastric retention. 
• The dosage form therefore has to be able to resist peristalsis in the stomach.Poor connection between in vitro and in vivo. 
• The expense of wording is greater. It is difficult to withdraw the medicine with toxic, poisonous or hypersensitive effects
• Floating drug delivery system can be divided into.

• a. Effervescent system
• b. Noneffervescent system
• i. Alginate beads
• ii. Microporous compartment
• iii. Hydrodynamically balanced system
• iv. Microbaloons
• B. Non-floating system
• These gastro retentive drug delivery systems do not float in the stomach however they remain 
• retained there by different mechanisms. Non-floating system is further divided into:
•  a. High density (sinking) drug delivery system
•  b. Unfoldable system
•  c. Magnetic system
•  d. Bioadhsive or mucoadhesive system
• C. Superporous hydrogels
•  1st generation superporous hydrogel (CSPHs)
•  2nd generation superporous hydrogel (SPHCs)
•  3rd generation superporous hydrogel (SPHHs)

Fig. 3: Gastric retention of highly swellable gastro retentive drug delivery system.

https://wjpr.net/abstract_show/17543