Human Anatomy and Physiology |Notes Pharmacy| Information on Cardiovascular System|

Cardiovascular System  

The heart, blood vessels, and blood itself make up the cardiovascular system, also referred to as the circulatory system. It is the organ system in charge of moving blood, oxygen, nutrients, and hormones throughout the body as well as eliminating waste.

The circulatory system, another name for the cardiovascular system, is a sophisticated system of vessels and organs that carries blood throughout the body. This is a summary of the cardiovascular system.

Structure of Heart

Cardiovascular System Organs
1. Heart: A muscular organ that circulates blood throughout the body.
2. Arteries: Blood vessels that transport oxygenated blood throughout the body from the heart.
3. Veins: Blood vessels that return blood that has lost oxygen to the heart.
4. Capillaries: Tiny blood vessels that exchange waste materials and carbon dioxide for nutrients and oxygen.
5. Blood: The fluid that transports waste materials, hormones, nutrients, and oxygen throughout the body.

The cardiovascular system's functions

1. Transporting Oxygen and Nutrients: The body's cells receive oxygen and nutrients from the cardiovascular system.
2. Eliminating Waste Products: The cardiovascular system rids the body's cells of waste products like lactic acid and carbon dioxide.
3. Blood Pressure Regulation: By contracting and relaxing blood vessels, the cardiovascular system contributes to blood pressure regulation.
4. Maintaining Body Temperature: By transferring heat from the core to the skin, the cardiovascular system aids in controlling body temperature.
5. Hormone Transport: The movement of hormones throughout the body is another function of the cardiovascular system.

Cardiovascular System Components
1. Blood: A fluid substance that transports waste materials, nutrients, and oxygen throughout the body.
2. Blood Vessels: The capillaries, veins, and arteries that carry blood throughout the body.
3. Heart Valves: Components that guarantee the heart's blood flows only in one direction.

Circulation Types
1. Systemic Circulation: The flow of blood from the heart to the body's other organs and back again.
2. Pulmonary Circulation: The flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back again.

The cardiovascular system's importance
1. Providing Oxygen and Nutrients: The cardiovascular system plays a crucial role in providing the body's cells with oxygen and nutrients.
2. Eliminating Waste Products: The elimination of waste products from the body's cells depends on the cardiovascular system.
3. Preserving General Health: The cardiovascular system is essential for preserving general health and averting illness.

Heart Conditions
1. Coronary Artery Disease: This condition causes the coronary arteries to narrow or block, which lowers the heart's blood flow.
2. Heart Failure: A disorder where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's demands.
3. Arrhythmias: Unusual heartbeats that may be irregular, too fast, or too slow.
4. Cardiomyopathy: A disorder where the heart muscle weakens or is injured.

Disorders of the Blood Vessels
1. Atherosclerosis: A disorder where plaque accumulates in the arteries, narrowing or hardening them.
2. Hypertension: Elevated blood pressure that can harm organs and blood vessels.
3. Peripheral Artery Disease: A disorder where the blood vessels in the arms or legs constrict or obstruct.
4. Aortic Aneurysm: A disorder that weakens or enlarges the aorta, potentially resulting in rupture.

Additional Heart Conditions
1. Stroke: A condition where the brain's blood supply is cut off, either because blood vessels burst or are blocked.
2. Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA): A brief disruption in blood supply to the brain that may result in symptoms resembling a stroke.
3. A blood clot that forms in a deep vein, usually in the legs, is known as deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
4. Pulmonary Embolism: A potentially fatal condition where a blood clot breaks loose and moves to the lungs.

Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disorders

1. High Blood Pressure: Uncontrolled high blood pressure can increase the risk of cardiovascular disorders.

2. High Cholesterol: High levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol can increase the risk of cardiovascular disorders.

3. Smoking: Smoking can damage blood vessels and increase the risk of cardiovascular disorders.

4. Diabetes: Uncontrolled diabetes can increase the risk of cardiovascular disorders.

5. Obesity: Excess weight can increase the risk of cardiovascular disorders.

Prevention and Treatment

1. Lifestyle Changes: Making healthy lifestyle changes, such as eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and quitting smoking, can help prevent cardiovascular disorders.

2. Medications: Medications, such as statins and beta blockers, can help manage cardiovascular disorders.

3. Surgery: Surgery may be necessary to treat certain cardiovascular disorders, such as coronary artery disease or aortic aneurysm.

  

   

DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM ( Herbal Drugs)

 DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM ( Herbal Drugs)

COFFEE SEED

Synonyms: - Coffee bean, coffee seed, Arabica coffee, Arabian coffee, Abyssinian coffee, Brazilian coffee.

Biological Source:-

It is the dried ripe seeds of Coffea arabica Linn, belonging to family Rubiaceae.

Chemical Constituents: - Coffee seed contains

·         caffeine,

·          tannin

Uses:-

·         used as a flavoring agent

·         used as a stimulant

·         nervine and diuretic

·         acting on CNS, kidneys, heart and muscles

DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM Pharmacognosy (herbal drugs)

 DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM

EPHEDRA

Synonyms:- Ma Huang.

Biological Source:-

Ephedra consists of the dried aerial parts of Ephedra gerardiana , Ephedra nebrodensis and other Ephedra species, belonging to family Ephadreaceae.

Chemical Constituents:-  Ephedra contains

·         Ephedrine

·         Pseudoephedrine 

 Uses:-

·         Ephedrine is antiallergenic,

·          antiasthmatic, 

·         antispasmodic,

·         decongestant, cough suppressant, stimulant and vasoconstrictor

OPIUM 

Synonyms:- Crude Opium; Raw Opium; Gum Opium

Biological Source:-

Opium is the air dried milky latex obtained by incision from the unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum , belonging to family Papaveraceae.

Chemical Constituents:-  Opium contains

·         morphine

·         papaverine 

·         noscapine

·         Codeine

 Uses:-

·         narcotic,

·         analgesic and sedative action

·         and used to relieve pain,

·         diarrhoea dysentery and cough

·         used as antispasmodic

DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM ( Herbal Drugs)

 TEA LEAVES

Biological Source:-

It contains the prepared leaves and leaf buds of Thea sinensis , belonging to family Theaceae.

Chemical Constituents:-  TEA contains

·         caffeine 

·         theobromine and

·         theophylline

Uses:-

·         It is used as stimulant,

·          astringent and

               also as diuretic.

COCA

Synonyms: - Coca, Cuca, Cocaine, Folium cocae, Peruvian coca. 

Biological Source:-                                                                                             

Coca consists of the dried leaves of various species of Eryth-mxylon, that is, Erythroxylon coca, belonging to family Erythroxylaceae.

Chemical Constituents: - Coca contains

·         Cocaine

·         Cocamine

·         Tropacocaine

Uses:-

·         Cocaine has stimulant action on CNS.

·          local anesthetic

·         minor local surgery of ophthalmic, ear, nose and throat

·         during convalescence, to relieve nausea, vomiting and pains of the stomach without upsetting the digestion

DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM ( Herbal Drugs)

 

DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM

HYOSCYAMUS

Synonyms:- Common Henbane, Hyoscyamus, Hog’s-bean, Jupiter’s-bean, Symphonica.

Biological Source:- 

Hyoscyamus consists of the dried leaves and flowering tops of Hyoscyamus niger., belonging to family Solanaceae. 

Chemical Constituents:- hyoscyamus contains

·         Hyoscyamine

·         Hyoscine

·         Scopolamine

Uses:-

·         used as antispasmodic

·         hypnotic and mild diuretic

·         relieve pain in cystitis

·         used to relieve the griping

 

Pharmacognosy of GUGGUL

 

GUGGUL

Synonyms:- Gumgugul, Salai-gogil. 

Biological Source:-

Guggal is a gum resin obtained by incision of the bark of Commiphora weightii , belonging to family Burseraceae.

Chemical Constituents: Guggul contains

·         Myrcene

·         Dimyrcene, polymyrcene

·         Guggulosterone

·         Guggulosterol

Uses

·         Used as an anti inflammatory.

·         used as an anti rhumetic

·         expectorant

·         carminative